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(1) Ozone and Anion
What is Ozone?
Ozone
is a molecule composed of three atoms of oxygen. Two
atoms of oxygen form the basic oxygen molecule--the
oxygen we breathe that is essential to life. The third
oxygen atom can detach from the ozone molecule, and
re-attach to molecules of other substances, thereby
altering their chemical composition. It is this ability
to react with other substances that forms the basis of
destroying bacteria, viruses and odors in nature. In
nature ozone is produced several difference way, the
most familiar way is about the ozone layer, where ozone
is created by the sun's ultra-violet rays. On the other
way, Ozone is also produced at thunderstorms and
waterfalls, The special "fresh, clean, spring
rain" smell that we notice after a storm is most
often results from natures creation of ozone.
How does ozone work?
Ozone,
sometimes called "activated oxygen", because
ozone (o3) is very unstable and likes to turn back to
pure oxygen (O2), it can oxidize with all kinds of
materials. The extra atom of oxygen destroys odor,
viruses, moulds and bacteria in addition to oxidizing
pollutants. Ozone is possibly the greatest purification
element we have available to deal with man-made
pollutants.
How do negative ions work?
Negative
ions have been linked directly and indirectly to better
health. Negative ions have been shown to increase
oxygenation of the lungs and lower complaints of general
aches, pains, lethargy and depression. Additionally,
investigators at the EPA have shown how particles
charged by combining with negative ions tend to attach
to grounded surfaces such as ceilings, walls, and
floors. This electro-static attraction effectively
removes otherwise inhalable airborne toxins (nitrates,
sulfates, auto emissions and more) from your breathable
air.
What's the difference between negative ions and ozone?
A lot! Negative ions are
molecules of oxygen (O2) in the air with an extra
electron. Ozone is O3, a molecule of oxygen consisting
of three oxygen atoms instead of the normal two.
Negative ions primarily reduce particulates in the air
such as dust and pollen, but they aren't as effective as
ozone for eliminating odors. Ozone does not reduce the
particulates in the air, but it is more effective at
eliminating odors, even very strong odors. Too much
ozone is bad for you. Having said that, there are
machines available that intentionally generate ozone (we
can supply them if you need one), but if the level of
ozone is properly adjusted, the ozone and the odors in
the air cancel each other out and little if any ozone
remains.
Why not chlorine?
Pool and spa water
treatment with chlorine and other halogen
disinfectants (bromine) require maintaining a
residual concentration of at least 1 to 3 PPM (Part
Per Million) in water. The effectiveness of the use
of these chemicals is controlled by many variables:
pH, dissolved solids, temperature and halogen
concentrations. Under EPA urging, most
municipalities now restrict the from dispensing and
storage of chlorine. When chlorine is introduced
into water, a large percentage of it converts to
chloramines. Chloramines are not effective as a
biocide. Too often, chloramines in water convert to
chloroform by heat and air agitation. Chloroform is
a toxic carcinogen. Other toxic by-products of water
chlorination are trihalomethanes, developed from
partially oxidized organics. THM's have been
identified as extremely hazardous by EPA in the Safe
Water Act.
Some Basic Data of Negative Ion
| Test Places | Forest, Waterfall | Mountain, Seashore | Suburb, Rural Area | House and Room |
| N-Density (ion/cm3) | 100,000-500,000 | 50,000-100,000 | 5,000-50,000 | 0-50 |
| Effect | Immune Naturally | Minimize the Infection | Improve Body Anti-Germs | Insomnia, AC Diseases |
Some Basic Data of Ozone for Water and Air Treatments
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Data of applying ozone for
water treatment |
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Treated Water
|
Concentration of ozone (mg/L) |
Infusing time (min) |
Effectiveness (%) |
| Aquarium; ponds |
0.10~0.05
|
Constant
|
>90
|
| Bath water |
0.1~0.5
|
Constant
|
>90
|
| Pool water |
0.5~1.0
|
5
|
>90
|
| Removing odors |
0.5~1.0
|
1
|
>80
|
| Sterilizing clean water |
0.5~1.0
|
5
|
>99.9
|
| Sterilizing goods in clean water |
1.0~2.0
|
5
|
>90
|
| Sterilizing dirty water |
2.0~3.0
|
5
|
>90
|
| Rinse |
2.0~3.0
|
5
|
>80
|
| Removing organics |
1.0~3.0
|
5
|
>30
|
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Application of ozone gas
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Field
|
Object
|
Purpose
|
Concentration of ozone( PPM )
|
| House | Living room, Kitchen, Locker, Toilet, Basement, Pet | Prevent insects (cockroach, tick,
housefly, mosquito), prevent infectious diseases of pets; Remove odors; kill bacteria |
0.01-0.03
|
| Building | Garbage room, toilet | Remove odors |
0.02-0.5
|
| Hospital | Consulting room, Waiting room, Operation room, Passageway | Prevent secondary infections; remove odors |
0.01-1.0
|
| Livestock industry | Pig raising, chicken raising yards | Prevent infectious diseases; remove odors |
0.01-0.03
|
| Food industry | Cooking area, packaging area, dressing room, raw garbage warehouse, toilet, vegetable cleaning | Cleaning of (kill bacteria; remove odors) work area, cooking machines and operators |
0.01-1.0
|
| Logistics industry | Commercial freezing; storehouse; cooling warehouse; truck; cargo ship | Prolong the freshness of fruits, vegetables, meats; Remove odors |
0.01-0.5
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(2)
Ultraviolet
What is Ultraviolet?
Ultraviolet rays have shorter wavelengths than visible
light. A wavelength, the distance between the crests of
two waves, is often measured in units called nanometers.
A nanometer (nm) is a billionth of a meter, or about
1/25,000,000 inch. Wavelengths of visible light range
from about 400 to 700 nm. Ultraviolet wavelengths range
from about 1 to 400 nm and are beyond the range of
visible light.
Ultraviolet rays with wavelengths shorter than 300 nm are extremely effective in killing bacteria and viruses. The most effective sterilizing range for UV is within the C bandwidth (UVC). This range is called the germicidal bandwidth. UVC has been used in hospitals for decades to sterilize surgical instruments, water, and the air in operating rooms. Many food and drug companies use germicidal
lamps to disinfect various types of products and their containers.
The cleaning mechanism of UV is a photochemical process. The contaminants that pollute our homes are almost entirely based upon organic or carbon-based compounds. These compounds breakdown when exposed to high intensity UV at 240 to 290 nm. Short-wave ultraviolet light can destroy DNA in living microorganisms and breakdown organic material found in indoor air. UVC's effectiveness is directly related to intensity and exposure time.
UV rays must strike the contaminants directly in order to penetrate the microorganism and break down its molecular bonds. This bond breakage translates into cellular or genetic damage with the germs rendered harmless by robbing them of the ability to reproduce.
Ultraviolet rays with wavelengths shorter than 300 nm are extremely effective in killing bacteria and viruses. The most effective sterilizing range for UV is within the C bandwidth (UVC). This range is called the germicidal bandwidth. UVC has been used in hospitals for decades to sterilize surgical instruments, water, and the air in operating rooms. Many food and drug companies use germicidal
lamps to disinfect various types of products and their containers.
The cleaning mechanism of UV is a photochemical process. The contaminants that pollute our homes are almost entirely based upon organic or carbon-based compounds. These compounds breakdown when exposed to high intensity UV at 240 to 290 nm. Short-wave ultraviolet light can destroy DNA in living microorganisms and breakdown organic material found in indoor air. UVC's effectiveness is directly related to intensity and exposure time.
UV rays must strike the contaminants directly in order to penetrate the microorganism and break down its molecular bonds. This bond breakage translates into cellular or genetic damage with the germs rendered harmless by robbing them of the ability to reproduce.
(3)
Photocatalyst
What is Photocatalyst?
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Photocatalyst means a function that substances work as
catalyst if light exists such as a plant does
photosynthesis.
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If light
reaches photocatalyst materials, electron is excited
from the valance band to conduction band, leaving the
hole in valance band
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The
holes produce hydroxy radicals(+OH) to oxidation of H2O,
electrons are transferred to oxygen to produce
superoxide anions(O2-).
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These
oxidants(or reductants) decompose organic materials into
CO2 and H2O.
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Photocatalyst materials can be used semi-permanently,
because do not change themselves when a light exist.
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Photocatalyst are used TiO2 anatase type.
Photocatalyst's Effects
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Decompose organic materials, NOx, SOx, Cl2, NH3 etc.
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Sterilize bacterial and prevent 2nd contamination
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Decompose offensive odors
occurred closed in-door by chemical reaction